Kulturarv
(Cultural Heritage)
This year - 2024 - The Danes will celebrate the 175th birthday of the first Danish Constitution5/19/2024 Grundloven (The Constitution)
5 Juni 1849 Sister Erna Møller was our history resource in Ellen Lodge 21 in Denver. During several meetings in 2007, she shared some of her wealth of knowledge of Danish History. At our annual picnic in June of 2007, she explained the history of the Danish Constitution or “Grundloven” as we call it. She wrote a wonderful account of the people involved, the events leading up to it and the results of this monumental and important piece of legislation in Danish history. We thought we would share it with the rest of the Danish Sisterhood. "Since the 1650’s the kings were like dictators, ruling with full power. The king would make all the decisions regarding wars, laws, taxes, landownership, titles, who were in favor and who were not. It was a hard time for the citizens, especially for the farmers and their families. There were many uprisings and several good men wrote and spoke against the injustices. Many were thrown into prison or had to pay fines. King Christian the 7th was King from 1766, but he was ill, and his son, Crown Prince Frederik took over as Prince Regent at the age of 16 with the help of his Grand Mother, Juliane Marie. The old queen was able to find good advisors and ministers who thought like the Prince and wanted to correct the injustices against the farmers who were held in slavery by the landowners for many years. On June 20, 1788, the Prince and his ministers pushed through a decree which freed the farmers from slavery. They could now own their own land and work for themselves. If the landowners wanted help, they would have to pay for it. However, the farmers still had to work some set days to “pay for” rental or purchase of their land. Prior, the farmers would have worked up to 200 days a year without any pay. The ability of the farmers to own land was a big step forward and the farming communities were eager to work and better themselves with hard work, better tools and better education. Also, the trades’ people tried harder, some factories were built and industry improved. During these years, Denmark was in many wars. Around the year 1800, the Napoleon wars took place all over Europe. Denmark had taken the side of Napoleon and therefore the British navy attacked Denmark with costly losses for the country. Even Sweden tried to attack Denmark. The Northern German state of Prussia sent an army after being encouraged to do so by Austria and Russia. These wars were very costly for the King’s and the country’s finances – there was only one solution for the King – more taxes. This especially hit the working people very hard and there were many more uprisings and complaints about having to pay taxes without having any say so about it. Crown Prince Frederik had become King Frederik VI in 1808. He tried hard to make changes. In 1824 he pushed through a law about the school system. The new law declared that schools had to be open all over the country and that all children, who were not being otherwise educated, were compelled to attend school. This opened up educational opportunities for even the poorest children. However, it was not until 1848, when Frederik VII became King that changes which led to a constitution took place. As soon as he was crowned, he told his chosen ministers that he would share his power with the people and he told them to select delegates from all over Denmark. He also instructed them to work hard on writing a constitution to benefit the people. They did so and the constitution was signed into law by the King, Frederik VII, on June 5th, 1849. It held many changes for the country and particularly important were the following: 1. The right to be king would be by inheritance. 2. The absolute power of the king was no more. 3. The king would rule the country with the help of his ministers. 4. The judicial power was with the courts. 5. The laws would be decided by the elected government who would also decide which taxes should be paid. 6. The government would consist of two groups, the 'Landsting' and the Folketing, similar to USA’s Senate and House. 7. Every self-supporting man in good standing over 30 years old had the right to vote. 8. To be eligible as a candidate for the Landsting, a man had to be 40 years old and have a certain income. 9. To be eligible as a candidate for the Folketing a man had to be 25 years old. According to the Constitution, all citizens are equal and have the same duties and rights and every able-bodied man must serve as a soldier. Previously, only the farmers’ sons were forced to enlist. Special rights for those with titles or certain ranks were hereby gone. All citizens received religious freedom, freedom of speech and freedom of the press was also established. During the last 150 years many changes and additions to the Danish Constitution have been made. Among those, in 1857, the right of women, married or unmarried, of legal age and in good standing, to independently own property was introduced. Later on, the legal age was lowered. All men and women of legal age and in good standing got the right to vote and to be eligible to be a candidate for election. As you can see, the 5th of June is a very important date in Denmark’s history." Researched and written by Erna Møller, Ellen Lodge #21, June 23rd, 2007 Source: Danmarks Historie, Nikolaj Nielsen, Nikolaj Nielsens Forlag I/S 1958
0 Comments
Pauline Matilde Theodora Bajer.
Danish Women’s activist Matilde Schüter was born January 4th, 1840 in Frederikseg, Herlufmagle. She was the daughter of landowner Wilhelm Schlüter and Pauline Cathrine Gäthgens. Matilde married Fredrik Bajer, writer and politician on October 8th, 1867 They had 6 children, Alfred 1870, Sigrun Elisabeth 1872, Ragnhild 1874, Tordis 1877, Gunnar 1879 and Frode 1880. Matilde’s background: She grew up with a very international background. Her father was from Hamburg in Germany and her mother from Holstein. Many of Matilde’s siblings moved to Russia, Germany and the USA. Two of her own daughter’s married Germans. Being a landowners child in Herlufmagle Matilde and her family was called unpatriotic “germans” during the three year war, 1848-51. Matilde’s marriage to Fredrik was one of the times most harmonious and strong relationship in the Copenhagen Women’s society. Organizations which Matilde was involved in: Danish Women’s Society (Dansk Kvindesamfund) Danish Peace Society Danish Women’s Peace Society Women’s Association of Progress and many more Matilde and Fredrik with teacher Elisabet Ouchterlony and Tagea Johansen plus journalist Caroline Testman started the Danish Women’s Society in 1871. This society was associated with Association International des Femmes (AIF). Matilde was the first Chairman (President) for the Danish Women’s Society but had to step down due to her pregnancy. She did stay in contact with Marie Geogg, AIF’s international leader and visited her in Genève in 1884. The Danish Women’s Society should keep connections open (to other Women’s societies) and Matilde felt very strongly about that. She saw Women’s rights and peace questions and work as a tightly bonded social issue. Fredrik was occupied with many things during 1872-95. He was a teacher, translator, writer, politician and had international status. Matilde worked with him as secretary and advisor. She was his mentor when it came to women’s rights. She had a great influence and changed his then old fashion view of women. He proposed many reform suggestions to give women more rights and freedom in Rigsdagen (government). In 1880 Fredrik proposes that women should have the right over their own earnings. It became law and under the name the Bajerske Law and it was approved by the government (Rigsdagen). Fredrik formed the society the Danish Peace Society in 1882. With this society Matilde travelled with Fredrik on his agitation trips where she spoke of women’s rights and pacifism. The couple later became honorary members of the Danish Peace Society. In 1885 Matilde together with Elisabet Oucherlony (from 1871 allied) formed the Women’s association of Progress (DF). With the Women’s association of Progress, Matilda opened a social political society in protest against that politic could not be discussed in Women’s Association of Progress which was seen as a none-political society. In 1886 the Women’s Association of Progress addressed the government with the support of her husband Fredrik a proposal to allow women to vote on local elections. Matilde was also the main person to negotiate between the workers and the owners of the clothing factory Rubens when the working women went on strike in 1886. The Women’s Association of Progress helped the women during the conflict and with that got even more women to work outside the home. With Johanne Meyer, Matilde got national economists Marcus Rubin and Harald Westergaard as arbitrators and with that attached the conflict. Matilda was the first leader of the Women’s association of Progress, only for women. She held that post from 1886 – 89 and the Women’s association of Progress dissolved in 1904. Another of Matilde’s big achievements was her organizing the first Nordic Women’s Rights meeting in Copenhagen in 1888 with no support from the Women’s Association of Progress. Matilde left her post on the Women’s Association of Progress in 1889 due to personal and political disagreements with Line Luplav. After This Matilde became active again in Copenhagen Danish Women’s Society as Vice President from 1904-09 and stayed a member till 1917. With the 1st World War in 1914 Matilde the optimistic pacifist was no longer. Matilde saw war as a barbaric and anti civilization fight. She did participate in many Peace and Women’s congresses with her husband Fredrik. In 1915 in the Haag the International Peace meeting took place and there the Women’s International Liga for Freedom and Peace started. Matilde wanted her husband Fredrik to receive the Nobels Peace Price and she did what she could to promote that. In 1908 Fredrik received half a Nobels Peace Price. He shared it with Matilde with thank you for lovely support and with their motto: Equal right for man and woman, she serves him, he serves her. Her husband Fredrik died in 1922. She did however continue to work for all that she believed in. She was a great example for all. On her 90th birthday she became an honorary member of the International Club Fraternitas. Through her last few years her son Alfred was her support while she still lived on her own in Korsgade, Copenhagen. In 1931 she received medal of merit in gold. A very impressive woman for her time and with huge achievements on so many levels. Dansk Kvindebiografisk Lesikon. Presented by Birgitte Jappe Ross, Ellen Lodge #21, April 20, 2024 This story is about my Great Grandmother Ellen Wilhelmine Nielsen. She is my Mom’s Dad’s Mom. The family lived in Dragør, which is a small town south of Copenhagen. Dragør was primarily a fishing village, so most of her family were in that business in some way or another. Ellen was 55 when her husband became ill and died in 1941. Even though her 6 children were growing into adults, some of them still lived with her including my grandfather, grandmother and my mom and her siblings. Ellen worked as a fish monger (fish seller) on the Gammel Strand (the old beach) as many of the other women did at that time.
Along the same beach there were two brothers who sold flowers. One day in October 1943 they approached Ellen and asked if they could pay her to help them get to Sweden via one of the fishing boats. They told her they were Jewish and were being persecuted by the Germans. She took the brothers home with her and gave them a place to stay until she could arrange their escape. From that day forward she became heavily involved in the opposition. She was an information courier, transported weapons and hid jews in her home and helped smuggle them out on fishing boats. One evening in July 1944, Ellen and her family went out to a birthday party. My grandmother’s younger sister came to babysit my Mom and her siblings. Ellen got tired, so she left the party early and went home to bed. Shortly afterwards there was shouting and loud knocking at the door. The Gestapo were standing there demanding she come with them. She was allowed to change out of her nightgown while a soldier stood watch. She was taken to a local house called Villa Pax that had been taken over by the Nazis and used as a holding jail. The following morning, she, her brother and 6 other locals were taken to a holding jail in Copenhagen. They were stripped of their belongings, put into prison clothes, and interrogated nonstop. About a week later they were sent to Vestre Prison Camp where the men and women were separated. Every morning, they stood in line for roll call and given one small cup of a nasty tasting soup. It didn’t take long before they were as sick as the prisoners who were already there. During the day they endured endless hours of beatings and interrogations. And every day the camp grew overcrowded with more prisoners and so the food rations became smaller and smaller. Three months later in late October, an officer told them that some of the prisoners had been chosen to go to another location in Germany. They were told they were going to help build a bigger and better Germany and they should consider it an honor to be chosen. And Ellen was one of the chosen. They traveled by train for a day and a half until they arrived at a clearing where they had to get out and walk the rest of the way. They headed towards a forest where they heard shouting and barking dogs. They came upon several soldiers standing over two dead bodies who were prisoners who had tried to escape. The officers told them to stop and look at the bodies and remember what would happen to them if they tried to escape. They finally reached The Frøslev Concentration Camp. The bunks were made of lumber with dried grass for a mattress and the grass was crawling with bugs. They were told to stand in line for roll call and their daily meal ration. As it turned out, the soup (stale water with a few pieces of cabbage) along with moldy bread was even worse than the last place. Ellen had a hard life growing up but was very strong and stubborn. Every night before sleeping, she would pray. When she was cold, she would think of her cozy little house and when she was hungry, she would visualize the nice meals she shared with her family. It was the only thing that kept her going. In December 1944 she was sent on to another place called Ravensbruck Women’s Concentration Camp. At the far side of the encampment was a large enclosure containing brick buildings. Ellen and several of the healthier prisoners were taken over to those buildings to work. The buildings were walk in gas chambers. The prisoners were there to load the corpses on wagons and remove clothing and gold filings before taking them to a mass grave in the forest. In February 1945 she was sent on to Jugendlejeren Concentration Camp that she called the inferno of hell. The prisoners were told they were going on a recreation outing but in fact it was to the gas chamber. But shortly after arriving she was suddenly moved yet again to another prison. There she continued to observe weak adults and children being sent into the gas chamber. She was twice selected for the gas chamber but pulled back because she was deemed healthy enough to work. On Good Friday 1945 it was determined that approximately 1,000 women would be sent to the gas chamber that weekend. Her date was scheduled for Easter Sunday, April 1st. When the day arrived, she stood in line with the other women while the Nazi guards watched over them. As she was waiting her turn, one of the guards heard her speaking and asked if she was Danish. She replied yes. The guard told her that when he was a boy, he vacationed in Denmark many times with his family and that the Danish people always treated them very kindly. He pulled her out of the line and sent her back to the barracks. Around this time, Germany was starting to lose the war. Less than a week later, on Saturday, April 7th, word came that all Scandinavian prisoners were to be evacuated. Swedish soldiers were sent in to tend to the prisoners as best they could. On April 8th, The Red Cross arrived in white vans carrying doctors, nurses and medical supplies and transported them to Sweden, France, and Holland. Among the soldiers that arrived to help was a young Jewish captain from New York. As he walked among the rescued prisoners, he heard someone call out his name. Ellen had recognized him from a photo her daughter had sent her when she announced she was getting married. He was her son in law. It was morning and my grandfather was still in his pajamas eating breakfast with his family. An Army private knocked on the door saying he had a message from his captain. I’ve located your mother, stop. Will be arriving in Sweden on Monday am stop, she is alive stop, signed your brother in law. Over the next few days, the Red Cross issued lists of people that were arriving home, and each family was asked to appoint one person to be in attendance to greet their loved one. My grandfather was selected, and the local fisherman sailed him to Sweden. In the meantime, Ellen’s son in law was granted a week’s leave to personally care for his mother in law. While in the hospital she received notice that her brother had been found alive and would be joining her shortly. Ellen spent 1 ½ months in a Swedish hospital and was then transferred to a Danish hospital where she spent several more months recuperating. She finally came home to Dragør in the late summer of 1945. She managed to cope with the concentration camp syndrome, testified many times to the War Crimes Committee and gave many interviews. She lived another 22 years until the age of 79. Two Footnotes: The Museum of Jewish Heritage in New York has created a new exhibit called “Courage to Act: Rescue in Denmark”. It opened October 15th and Ellen is featured in the exhibit. It’s designed to teach young visitors ages 9-12 the rescue of Denmark’s Jewish Community. And if you go to the museum’s website, there is an 8 ½ minute video highlighting the exhibit. There is a Danish producer named Niels Juul who has his own production company called NoFatEgo. His resume is quite impressive including executive producer of the new movie “Killers of the Flower Moon” directed by Martin Scorsese. He has a strong passion for independent films and documentaries. His company is making a movie about Ellen’s story. The script is finished and was based on research done by a Danish historian and written by a man who is an expert on WW2 and Nazi Germany. They’ve hired a director and are currently casting. The last thing he wrote to us was he would start filming early this year. There is a link to the film on his website at: https://www.nofatego.com/indevelopment. Presented by Andrea Thomsen, Ellen Lodge #21, February 2024 |
ArchivesCategories |